A.
Understanding Needs
The
need is everything that man needs to prosper. Reflect the needs of people who
want to feel less satisfied fulfilled in human beings that appear naturally in
order to survive.
2.
Types of Needs
Human
needs are many and varied. Broadly speaking, human needs can be divided into
four groups, namely as follows.
a.
Based on the intensity of its Use
Based
on the intensity of usage, demand is divided into three types, namely primary
needs, secondary needs, and tertiary needs.
1)
Primary or Necessity Requirement
The
primary requirement is a major requirement that must be met in order to sustain
human life. In other words, the primary requirement is a requirement that must
be met in order for humans to live. Those needs arise naturally. The primary
requirement is also called 'natural needs'. Examples are included in the
primary requirement is the need to eat, drink, clothing, and shelter
2)
Secondary Needs
Once
people can meet the needs of primary or basic needs, humans still need other
needs that are complementary. Needs is a secondary requirement, which needs to
be met after the primary needs are met. Examples include secondary needs
include the need for televisions, refrigerators, tables, chairs, books, and
stationery.
3)
The need for tertiary
Tertiary
needs are needs that must be met after the primary and secondary needs are met.
Basically, the need for tertiary is a human need for goods and services that
are classified as luxury (lux), such as luxury cars, yachts, private aircraft,
and travel abroad.
Rations
according to the intensity of its use is largely determined by the condition of
a region or country. For example, for the inhabitants of a region or a country
that remains, the need for a motorcycle or a car may be a need for luxury.
However, the population of the region or a country with high living standards,
demand for motorcycles or cars may be only a secondary requirement.
b. Based on the nature
By its nature, human needs are divided into two requirements, namely the temporal and spiritual needs.
1)
Physical Needs
Physical
needs are the needs associated with physical or physical state of a person for
goods and services. Examples that belong to the physical needs in the form of
goods such as clothing, food, beverages, medicines, and vitamins. As for that
which belongs to the physical needs in the form of services such as
recreational needs, listening to music and watching television and cinema.
2)
Needs Spiritual or Spiritual Needs
In
addition to physical needs, the type of requirement is also important is the
need of spiritual or psychological needs are. Among other examples of the
spiritual needs of worship, listening to religious lectures, and listening to
the discourse or advice of a noble character.
c.
Based on the compliance time
Based
on the time of its fulfillment, the need for differentiated into the needs of
present and future needs.
1)
Needs Now
The
need now is a need for the fulfillment of which can not be put off no longer,
or should be met at this very moment. Examples that belong to the current needs
include the needs of one's food when he is hungry, needs someone to drink when
he is thirsty, need someone to drugs, or go to the hospital when he was sick,
and needs someone will break when he was tired.
2)
Needs to Come
d.
Based on the subject is
Based
on the subject, human needs can be divided into individual needs and group
needs.
1)
Individual Needs
Individual
needs are needs that includes halhal intended for individuals. Individual needs
will be different for each person or profession relies heavily on the person concerned.
For example, a student takes a book and stationery, food, clothing, and sports.
2)
Needs Group
Needs
of the group is utilized for the needs of the public interests of society or
together, for example, bridges, street sports, hospitals, recreational areas
and schools.
3.
Factors Affecting Needs
Needs of every human being can vary between one and another. Some of the factors that influence it needs such a state of nature, religion, customs, and civilization.
a.
The state of Nature or the Environment
Circumstances
will affect the nature of human needs. For example, people living in
mountainous areas will be different needs with the twang who live in coastal
areas. So are people living in tropical countries will be different with people
who live in areas or countries with four seasons. People who live in cold
regions more in need of heavy clothing than people who live in the summer.
b.
Religion
Religion
or faith one follows now will lead to different needs of each person-beds. For
example, every religion requires certain tools to be used in the conduct of
worship. It is encouraging every religion seek a variety of items for use in
the administration of his worship.
c.
Custom
Customs
or traditions will affect the different needs of each person. For example, for
the vast majority of Indonesia rice is the staple food. As for most European
and American bread is the staple food. Indigenous communities will be different
with the Sundanese or Javanese people Kaiak. Differences in customs it will
lead to different needs.
d.
Civilization
Civilization
is one factor contributing to the differences in needs. The higher the
civilization of a society, more and more and higher quality goods or services
required. At the time of the ancestors, human needs are still very simple. For
example, they only need clothing made from animal skins or leaves, eating from
the hunt, and live in caves. In modern times such as now, it is not there
anymore. Humans in today's already wearing clothes that are increasingly
varied, eat well, and live in better housing or live in luxury apartments.
4.
Tool or means of satisfying the needs
a.
How To get
Based
on how to obtain it, the means of satisfying the needs can be divided into free
goods and economic goods.
1)
Free Items
Free
goods is a means of satisfying the needs which are not required to obtain the
sacrifices of economic resources. It is commonly used as an example of free
goods such as air, water and sunlight, because jumlalmva abundant. Free stuff
is often said to be easy to get, which is merely a creation of God to be used
by humans.
2)
Economic Goods
Economic
goods is a means of satisfying the needs of the sacrifices necessary to obtain
economic resources. Examples of clothing, food, and home. Economic goods can be
distinguished from consumer goods and production goods. Consumer goods are
items used directly to meet human needs balk durable as clothing, home
furnishings, and vehicles, as well as perishable as fuel, food, and medicine.
The production of goods are goods used indirectly to satisfy human needs as
haws experiencing some production processes, for example, raw materials and
machinery.
But
the distinction between free goods and economic goods are not rigid. Business
community on the air, sunlight and water was changed from free goods into
economic goods in the form of clean water, clean air, and solar energy.
b.
Usability in Relation to Other Items
Based on the usability in conjunction with other
goods, the means of satisfying the needs can be divided into substitutes and
complements.
1)
Item Substitution
Substitute
goods are goods that have usability to substitute other goods. For example, the
bus can replace rail transport, corn can replace rice as a staple of society.
2)
Complementary Goods
Complementary
goods are goods that have usability to complement the other items. The item
will be useful in meeting human needs, jib used together. For example gasoline
vehicles, with pen and ink. Definition of substitute goods and complementary
goods is not the same for everyone or every community. For example, sugar and
coffee instead of complementary goods for the people of England.
c.
Its production process
Based
on the production process, goods or means of satisfying the needs are divided
into raw materials, intermediate goods, and finished goods.
1)
Raw Goods
Crude
goods are goods that have not undergone a process of production (processing),
and akin used as feedstock in the production process. For example cotton,
timber, and rice.
2)
semi-finished goods
Intermediate
goods are goods that have undergone a process of production, but can not be
used to meet human needs perfectly, for example cotton into yarn, kavu into
boards, and rice into flour.
